INDEX

INDEX

Afghanistan, 18t, 21t; democracy in, 79t, 98–100, 148t; minorities in,

210–11, 216, 222; election 49, 51, 78, 88, 127; PR in, 113,

results in, 221t; ethnic groups in, 127

218t; parties in, 219; SNTV in, Belize, 18t, 170t

xxiv, 21, 23, 197, 210–23 Benin, 8, 18t, 148t

Albania, 18t, 21 Block vote (BV), 17, 18t–19t, 20

Alliance for Democracy (AFORD) Bolivia, xii, 18t, 21t, 170t; malap-

(Malawi), 123, 141t, 151 portionment in, 169, 171–72,

Alternative vote (AV), xi-xiv, xxv, 178; MMP in, 21, 22

9–12, 17, 20, 29, 32–33, 122; in Borda count, 18t–19t, 21

Australia, xiv, 9, 20, 32–33, 59, Bosnia, 18t, 30, 45

106; in Fiji, 9, 20, 34–35, 37, 39, Botswana, 18t, 123, 148t

44; in Iraq, 44, 225; in Papua Brazil, xxi, 18t, 62t, 170t; federalism

New Guinea, 9, 20, 22, 35–37, in, 61, 64, 65; malapportionment

38–40, 59–60 in, 169–75

Angola, 18t, 123, 129, 133, 148t Bulgaria, 18t, 22

Argentina, 18t, 64, 165, 169, 170; Burke, Edmund, 93

malapportionment in, 171–74

Australia, 18t, 62t, 79t; AV in, xiv,

9, 20, 32–33, 59, 106; centripetal Cameroon, 18t, 20

systems in, 33; constitutional Canada, 18t, 62t, 79t, 141t, 148t,

crisis of, 51; federalism in, 61, 150t; federalism in, 61, 64–67;

64–66; parliamentary-plurality FPTP/SMP in, 8, 9, 20, 24, 68,

system in, 75, 78, 98; preferen- 69, 75, 98; power sharing in, 43

tial voting in, xiii, 38; presidency Centrifugal effects, 27, 93, 96, 122

in, 50; STV in, xiv, 32–33 Centripetal systems, xii, 30, 37, 38,

Australian Labor Party, 33 40; in Australia, 33; in Fiji, 34;

Austria, 18t, 78, 79t, 98, 100, 148t; in Israel, 189; in Northern

proportionality in, 64 Ireland, 30–31, 37–39

Chad, 18t, 20

Chaudhry, Mahendra, 34–35

Belgium, 18t, 28, 45, 62t, 64, 69, Chile, 18t, 170t; malapportionment

240

Chile (continued)

in, 169–173; presidentialism in, 83, 156, 181n.22

Colombia, 18t, 43, 45, 77, 170t; malapportionment in, 169, 177 Condorcet winners, x, 4, 6, 10, 11;

in Lebanon, 10 Consensus model; xv, xvi, 74

Consociational model, xiii, 10, 28, 43, 56, 64, 125, 136, 138, 140, 143, 146, 148; in Iraq, 226. See also Power-sharing

Coombs rule, 6, 11, 14

Costa Rica, 18t, 77, 83, 148t, 170t

Cyprus, 18t, 43, 45

Czech Republic, 18t, 45, 110–11

Dahl, Robert A., 79t, 102, 168,

179n.1, 180n.9

Democracy, 74t, 79t, 80t; in Afghanistan, 210–11, 216, 222; character of, ix–x; commitment to, x; consensus model of, xv, 69, 74, 131; consociational, 10, 43, 125, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148; culture of, 26; developing countries and, 83; in divided societies, 27–28, 43, 47, 82–83, 103, 129, 150, 214; in East Asia, 197; economic development and, 80–83, 87, 177; and elections, 168, 196; impact of electoral systems on, 17, 27; failures of, 102; in Israel, 182; in Latin America, 77, 155, 169–71, 179; law and order and, 80, 85n.13; majoritarian model of, 73; in Papua New Guinea, 35, 37; and parties, 47–48, 214; power-sharing model of, xiii, 28, 43–45, 136; quality of, xv, xxi, 76, 171–72, 179; in South Africa, 91, 123, 137; success of, 26; sustainable, 16, 27, 131, 137;

Index

threats to, x, 150; transitions to, xviii, 22, 90–91, 126, 133, 135, 137, 156, 170, 181n.19, 202, 205, 210; in Uruguay, xxi, 154– 56, 162, 165; in Zimbabwe, 124 Denmark, 18t, 79t, 148t; PR in, xiv, 47, 54n.15, 78, 87, 98, 100, 114 Direct election, 89; in Israel, xxii, 182–95; in the United States, 64

Djibouti, 18t, 20

Dominican Republic, 18t, 170t

Double-simultaneous vote (DSV): in Uruguay, xx, xxi, 157–58

Ecuador, 18t, 170t; malapportion-ment in, 165, 169–74

El Salvador, 18t, 170t; malappor-tionment in, 178

Electoral systems: aims of, x, xi, 3– 7, 93; changes to, ix, xi, 21–24, 156–157, 184; continuity of, 25, 26; design of, ix–x, 16–17, 121, 132, 211; inventory of, 18t–19t

Estonia, 18t; list-PR in, 22; preferential voting in, xiii; STV in, 30–32, 39

Ethnic groups: in Afghanistan, 218t; in Australia, 32–33; in Belgium, 49, 78, 88; in Benin, 8; concilia-tion among, xi, 6, 7, 27–40, 42–52; conflict management among, xii, xv, xvi; consocia-tional model and, xiii, xvi, 28; in Fiji, xiii, 30, 34–35; in India, 40, 145n.16; in Iraq, xxv, 233–34, 235t, 236–37; in Kenya, 142; in Lebanon, xi, 6, 28; in Malawi, xix, 123; in Malaysia, 40, 43, 82; in Nigeria, xvi, 6, 7, 14, 28, 54n.8, 82; in Northern Ireland, 30–31, 39, 82; in Papua New Guinea, 30, 35–37; PR and, 16, 28, 46, 88, 104; in South Africa, xviii, 91. See also Minorities;

Index

Religious groups

European Parliament, 58, 65, 66

Federalism, xiii–xv, 50–51, 56–70; in Australia, 61, 64–66; in Brazil, 61, 64–65; in Canada, 61, 64–67; in Iraq, 232; in Latin America, 168–79; in the United States, 50, 61, 64

Fiji, 18t, 21t; AV in, 9, 20, 34–35, 37, 39, 44; balloting in, 25; centripetal system in, 34; ethnic groups in, xiii, 30, 34–35; power-sharing in, 44; preferen-tial voting in, xiii

Finland, 18t, 78, 79t, 84n.4, 87, 90,

98, 101, 148t

First-past-the-post (FPTP), xi–xii, xv, xviii–xix, xxiii–xxiv, 17, 18t–19t, 20, 22, 112; in Africa, xix, 102–3; in English-speaking countries, 8, 20, 24, 148; in India, 9, 20, 24; in Iraq, xxiv, 225; in Japan, 199–201, 204–5; in Malaysia, 8, 9; and political parties, 9; in Taiwan, 202–3, 207; in the United States, xi, 8, 20, 112. See also Plurality systems; Single-member plurality systems

France, 8, 18t, 105, 115; Fifth Republic in, 48–50, 89; Fourth Republic in, xvi, 89, 94–95, 102; mixed system in, 59, 75, 86, 103; PR in, xvi, 88, 103, 108–9; TRS in, 20

Free Democratic Party (Germany),

88, 110

Germany, xv, 18t, 49, 62t–63t, 64, 66, 67, 74, 78, 79t, 81, 98-100, 106, 148t; malapportionment in, 175; mixed member proportional

241

(MMP) in, xii, xiii, 8, 21, 60, 86, 90, 103–6, 115, 125; parties in, xviii, 109–10, 114; Weimar Republic, xvi, 95, 102

Greece, 18t, 88, 90, 109

Guatemala, 18t, 170t

Gurr, Ted Robert, 43

Hanson, Pauline, 33

Honduras, 18t, 170t

Hungary, 18t, 21, 22, 26, 111

India, xvii, 8, 18t, 43, 46, 51, 63t,

64, 74t, 75; ethnic groups in, 40, 145n.16; FPTP in, 9, 20, 24

Indonesia, 7, 18t, 30

Iraq, 18t, 21t; AV in, 44, 225; balloting in, 25, 220; consocia-tional model in, 226; elections in, 224–37; electoral systems considered, xiv, xxiv, 224–25; ethnic groups in, xxv, 44, 235t;

FPTP in, 225; power sharing in, 43–44, 52; PR in, xxv, 22, 225– 28

Ireland, 18t, 75, 78, 148t; STV in, 8, 9, 20, 23–25, 38, 84n.4, 106 Israel, 18t, 78t, 148t; centripetal system in, 189; democracy in,

182; direct election in, xxii, 182– 95; Palestinian problem in, 88; parties in, 13, 183, 188–89, 190t; PR in, x, xvii, 90, 101, 177, 180, 182–83, 187–88

Italy, 18t, 21t, 79t, 148t; changes to electoral systems in, 22, 65; mixed system in, xii, 8, 21, 46, 52, 65, 68–69, 78, 80–81; parties in, 67–69, 88, 95; prewar, xvi, 94; PR in, xvii, 90, 95, 98, 100, 126; stability of, 80

242

Jamaica, 18t; 69, 74t, 75 Japan, 18t, 21t, 204t; changes to

electoral system in, xxiv, 14, 22, 65, 194, 196–201; FPTP in, 199–201, 204–5; mixed-PR in, 8, 46, 75, 201; parties in, 204–5; SNTV in, xxii, xxiii, 19, 22, 46, 196–201

Justice and Development Party

(Turkey), 13

Karzai, Hamid, xxiv, 23, 212–13, 215–21, 223n.9

Kenya, 18t, 140, 141t, 148t; ethnic groups in, 142

Kyrgyzstan, 18t, 21

Lebanon, 18t; Condorcet winners in, 10; ethnic conciliation in, xi, 6, 28; power sharing in, 43–46

Lesotho, 18t, 21t, 123, 148t

Lewis, W. Arthur, 53n.2, 102, 121–

22

Limited vote (LV), 21, 46, 54n.13 Linz, Juan J., 47–48, 73, 77, 154,

158 Lithuania, 18t, 22t

Malapportionment, 4, 5, 13; in Argentina, 171–74; in Bolivia, 169, 171–72, 178; in Brazil, 169–75; in Chile, 171–73; in Colombia, 169, 177; in Ecuador, 165, 169–74; in El Salvador, 178; in Germany, 175; in Latin America, xxi–xxii, 168–79; in Mexico, 176; in Nicaragua, 178; in Paraguay, 177; in Peru, 177; single-district chambers and, 177–78; in the United Kingdom, 177; in the United States, 175; in Uruguay, 177; in Venezuela, 178

Index

Malawi, xix, 18t, 122–24, 128, 129, 130–31, 141t, 143, 147, 149, 151; PR in, xviii–xix, 123

Malawi Congress Party (MCP),

123, 141t

Malaysia, 18t, 74t, 75, 82; ethnic groups in, 40, 43, 82; FPTP in, 8, 9

Mandela, Nelson, 123, 131, 137,

Marshall Plan, 94–96

Mexico, 19t, 21t, 170t; IFE in, xxi, 176; malapportionment in, xxi, 176; mixed system in, xii, 21– 23, 178; parties in, 90

Minorities, x, xi, xiv, 7, 22, 28, 29, 52, 58, 152; in Afghanistan, 214; in Africa, 39–40; in Belgium, 49, 51, 78, 88, 127; in Fiji, 34; in Iraq, 44, 225–27; in Northern Ireland, 44; PR and, 46, 75, 78, 86–89, 122, 126; single-member districts and, 138–39; SMP and, 69. See also Ethnic groups; Religious groups

Mixed electoral systems, xi, xii, xxv, 21–13, 46, 59–60, 65, 115; in France, 59, 75, 86, 103; in Germany, xii, xiii, 8, 21, 60, 86, 90, 103–6, 115, 125; in Iraq, 225; in Italy, xii, 8, 21, 46, 52, 65, 68–69, 78, 80–81; in Japan and Taiwan, 196–205; in Latin America, 178; in Mexico, xii, 21–23, 178; MMP (mixed-member proportional), 21, 22, 66; in New Zealand, 9, 20, 34– 35, 37, 39, 44; parallel system, 21

Moldova, 19t, 21t, 22

Mozambique, 19t, 122–23, 133,

148t

Namibia, 122-123, 125, 127, 129,

130-131, 141t 143; power-

Index

sharing in, 125; PR in, xviii, 137–38

National Front (FN) (France), 88,

109, 126

Nauru, 19t, 21

Netherlands, the, 19t, 79t, 148t; power-sharing in, 28, 43, 51; PR in, x, xvii, 22–23, 78, 81, 98– 100, 106–8, 112–14, 126, 177

New Zealand, 19t, 21t, 79t, 148t,

150t; changes to electoral system, 22; mixed system in, 9, 20, 34–35, 37, 39, 44

Nicaragua, 19t, 170t; malapportion-ment in, 178

Nigeria, 19t, 129, 133; ethnic conciliation in, xvi, 6, 7, 14, 28, 54n.8, 82

Nordic countries, 23, 78, 86–87, 98–100

Northern Ireland: centripetal systems in, 30, 31, 37–39; federalism in, 56, 58; power-sharing in, 31, 45, 55n.21, 82; STV in, 39, 64, 66–68

Northern League (Italy), 68–69 Norway, 19t, 78, 79t, 87, 98, 100,

112, 148t

Papua New Guinea, 19t; AV in, 9, 20, 22, 35–37, 39; cabinet stability in, 49; centripetal election rules in, 30; changes to electoral system in, 22, 35–37; democracy in, 35, 37; ethnic groups in, 30, 35–37; preferen-tial voting in, xiii, 35

Panama, 19t, 170t

Paraguay, 19t, 90, 165, 170t;

malapportionment in, 177

Parallel system, xii, 19t, 21, 22, 23 Parti Québécois (Canada), 68 Parties: in Afghanistan, 219; anti-

system, 68; democracy and,

243

47–48, 214; electoral systems’ effects on, 9, 16, 79, 87, 108; extremist, 88, 126–127; and FPTP, 9; in France, 109; in Germany, 109–10; in Iraq, 228– 37, 234t; in Israel, 183, 188–89, 190t; in Italy, 67–69, 88, 95; in Japan, 204–5; in Mexico, 90; in Namibia, 138; and plurality systems, 70, 89; in Poland, 111– 12; in Portugal, 113; and PR, 13, 47–48, 68, 87, 88, 97, 147; in South Africa, 125; in Taiwan, 203, 205–7; territorial subna-tional, 67; in Uruguay, 155–56

Party block vote (PBV), 17,18t, 19t,

20

Peru, xxi, 19t, 170t; malapportion-ment in, 177

Philippines, 19t, 21t, 74t, 75 Plurality systems, xvi–xvii, 9, 17,

65, 66, 73, 78, 79t, 80t, 89; in Africa, 123–24, 127, 134–44, 141t, 146–53, 148t; in Canada, 68; and economic indicators, 80, 81; and parties, 89; and PR, 92– 97, 98–104, 105–15, 146–53; in the United Kingdom, 75, 107, 127; in the United States, 75, 76, 78, 78, 81, 86, 103, 149; in Zambia, 122–24, 127, 149, 151.

See also Alternative vote; Block vote; First-past-the-post; Party block vote; Single-member plurality systems; Two-round system

Poland, 19t, 22, 111–12, 114 Portugal, 19t, 86, 90, 103, 113, 106,

117n.21, 148t

Power-sharing, xiii–xv, xxi, 28, 42– 52, 129–32, 136; in Fiji, 34; in Iraq, 226; in Namibia, 125; in the Netherlands, 28, 43, 51; in Northern Ireland, 31, 45, 55n.21, 82; in South Africa, 125,

244

Power-sharing (continued)

134n.12, 140

Preferential electoral systems, xii, xiii, xvi, 11, 12, 17, 28, 29–40, 41n.9, 110, 207. See also

Alternative vote; Single trans-ferable vote

Presidentialism, xv, 47–48, 82; in Africa, 129–32; (with plurality) in the United States, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 86, 103, 149

Proportionality, x, xii, xiv, xi–xxx, 4, 5, 7, 11–13, 22–23, 41n.9, 46, 47, 53n.1, 56, 58, 60, 64, 65, 67, 76, 104–6, 112–13, 115, 117n.20, 128, 142–44, 145n.15, 146–49, 151, 152, 179n.2, 192, 200, 203, 205, 208n.12, 212, 214, 225–27, 230

Proportional representation (PR), x, xi, xiii–xviii, 22, 28, 58–59, 64– 66, 73, 74t, 75–83, 86–91, 92–97, 98–104, 105–15; in Africa, xviii, xix, 121–33, 135– 45, 141t, 146–53, 148t; in Belgium, 113, 127; in Benin, 8; in Britain, 58, 65, 151; criticism of, 92–97; in Denmark, xiv, 47, 54n.15, 78, 87, 98, 100, 114; and economic indicators, 81; and ethnic groups, 16, 28, 46, 88, 104; extreme vs. moderate, 74, 100; in France, xvi, 88, 103, 108–9; in Iraq, xxv, 22, 225–28; in Israel, x, xvii, 90, 101, 177, 180, 182–83, 187–88, in Italy, xvii, 90, 95, 98, 100, 126; in Japan, 8, 46, 75, 201; list-system, 9–10, 12–13, 20, 22, 28, 47, 81, 124, 128, 152-153, 165; in Malawi, xviii, 123; in Namibia, xviii, 137–38; in the Netherlands, x, xvii, 22–23, 78, 81, 98–100, 106–8, 112–14, 126, 177; and parties, 13, 68, 74,

Index

87, 88, 97, 147; in South Africa, xvii–xx, 123–40, 147–48, 153; strengths of, 83, 90, 103, 128; in Uruguay, 157, 159; and voter participation, 79, 86; in Zambia, xviii, 123–24; in Zimbabwe, xviii, 123–24. See also

Alternative vote; Single trans-ferable vote

Puerto Rico, 75, 208n.2

Ramos, Fidel, 26

Religious groups: in Afghanistan, xxiv; conciliation among, xii, 4, 6, 10, 14, 27, 46, 51; and federalism, 64; and FPTP, 225; in Iraq, 227–28, 235t; in Israel, xxii, 184, 186, 188, 191–93; in Northern Ireland, 58, 82; and PR, 75, 78, 94, 127, 136. See also Ethnic groups

Romania, 19t, 22

Russia, 19t, 21t, 22, 90

Sartori, Giovanni, 10, 15n.4, 17, 74,

Scotland, 68

Singapore, 19t, 20, 40, 91 Single-member plurality systems

(SMP), 57–70, 62t, 63t; in Britain, 65; in Canada, 68, 69; and minorities, 69; and parties, 70; in Scotland, 68. See also

First-past-the-post Single non-transferable vote

(SNTV), xxi–ixxiv, xxvi, 18t,

19t; in Afghanistan, xxiv, 21, 23, 210–23; in Iraq, 225; in Japan, xxii, xxiii, 19, 22, 46, 196–201; in South Korea, 197; in Taiwan, xxii–xxiv, 196–99, 201–3, 206, 208n.2, 211

Single transferable vote (STV), xii, xiv, xxv, 5, 12, 18t, 19t, 20, 29,

Index

38–40, 59-60, 62t, 63t; in Australia, xiv, 32–33; in Estonia, 31–32; in Iraq, 225; in Ireland, 8, 9, 20, 23–25, 38, 84n.4, 106; in Northern Ireland, 30–31, 39, 64, 66–68; in the United Kingdom, 66

Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), 31, 68

Social Democratic and Labour Party

(SDLP) (Northern Ireland), 31,

67

South Africa, 19t, 21t, 50, 91, 122, 129, 131–32, 141t, 145n.16; democracy in, 91, 123, 137; ethnic groups in, xxviii, 91; power-sharing in, 49, 54n.9, 140; PR in, xviii–xx, 123–40, 147–48, 153

South Korea, xxii, 19t, 82, 91, 208n.2; SNTV in, 197

Spain, 19t, 21, 49, 63t, 67, 86, 103 Sweden, 18, 19t, 66, 78, 79t, 81, 87, 148t; PR in, xv, 98–100, 101,

112, 125

Switzerland, 19t, 28, 43, 52, 61, 63t,

64, 75, 78, 91, 148t, 155

Taiwan, 19t, 82, 91, 206t; FPTP in, 202–3, 207; parties in, 205–7; SNTV in, xxii–xxiv, 196–99, 201–3, 206, 208n.2, 211

Two-round system (TRS), 17, 18t,

19t; in France, 20, 59

Ukraine, 19t, 21t, 22

United Democratic Front (UDF)

(Malawi), 123, 141t, 149, 150t

United Kingdom (U.K.), 19t, 74t,

79t, 141t, 148t, 150t; FPTP/SMP (plurality) in, xvii, 8, 20, 24, 30, 57, 66, 67, 75, 78, 81, 83, 99, 107, 110, 112–14, 126, 148, 149; malapportionment in, 177;

245

PR in, 58, 65, 151; Westminster model in, 96. See also Nothern Ireland; Scotland

United States, 19t, 74t, 79t, 170t; electoral boundaries in, 24; federalism in, 50, 61, 64 FPTP in, xi, 8, 20, 112; malapportionment in, 153, 175; minorities in, 7; preferential voting in, 30, 41n.9, 46;

presidentialism and plurality, 75, 76, 78–81, 86, 103, 149; SMP in, 57; voter turnout in, 79, 86, 102; “yellow dog” candidates in, 151

Uruguay, 19t, 154–67, 170t; democracy in, xxi, 154–56, 162, 165; DSV in, xx, xxi, 157–58; malapportionment in, 177; PR in, 157

Venezuela, 19t, 21t, 22, 77, 170t,

181n.21; malapportionment in, 178

Voting Rights Act, 7

Westminster system, xvi, 73, 82–83, 89, 96, 149

Yeltsin, Boris, 90

Zaire, 123, 133

Zambia, xviii, 19t, 148t, 150t; plurality elections in, 122–24, 127, 149, 151

Zimbabwe, 19t, 150t; democracy in, 124; plurality system in, 123–24, 127, 147, 149, 151; presidential-ism in, 129, 130–31